17.3.7 Improving Replication Performance

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As the number of slaves connecting to a master increases, the load, although minimal, also increases, as each slave uses a client connection to the master. Also, as each slave must receive a full copy of the master binary log, the network load on the master may also increase and create a bottleneck.

If you are using a large number of slaves connected to one master, and that master is also busy processing requests (for example, as part of a scale-out solution), then you may want to improve the performance of the replication process.

One way to improve the performance of the replication process is to create a deeper replication structure that enables the master to replicate to only one slave, and for the remaining slaves to connect to this primary slave for their individual replication requirements. A sample of this structure is shown in Figure 17.3, “Using an Additional Replication Host to Improve Performance”.

Figure 17.3 Using an Additional Replication Host to Improve Performance

The server MySQL Master 1 replicates to the server MySQL Master 2, which in turn replicates to the servers MySQL Slave 1, MySQL Slave 2, and MySQL Slave 3.

For this to work, you must configure the MySQL instances as follows:

Master 1 is the primary master where all changes and updates are written to the database. Binary logging is enabled on both masters, which is the default.
Master 2 is the slave to the Master 1 that provides the replication functionality to the remainder of the slaves in the replication structure. Master 2 is the only machine permitted to connect to Master 1. Master 2 has the --log-slave-updates option enabled (which is the default). With this option, replication instructions from Master 1 are also written to Master 2's binary log so that they can then be replicated to the true slaves.
Slave 1, Slave 2, and Slave 3 act as slaves to Master 2, and replicate the information from Master 2, which actually consists of the upgrades logged on Master 1.

The above solution reduces the client load and the network interface load on the primary master, which should improve the overall performance of the primary master when used as a direct database solution.

If your slaves are having trouble keeping up with the replication process on the master, there are a number of options available:

If possible, put the relay logs and the data files on different physical drives. To do this, use the --relay-log option to specify the location of the relay log.
If heavy disk I/O activity for reads of the binary log file and relay log files is an issue, consider increasing the value of the rpl_read_size system variable. This system variable controls the minimum amount of data read from the log files, and increasing it might reduce file reads and I/O stalls when the file data is not currently cached by the operating system. Note that a buffer the size of this value is allocated for each thread that reads from the binary log and relay log files, including dump threads on masters and coordinator threads on slaves. Setting a large value might therefore have an impact on memory consumption for servers.
If the slaves are significantly slower than the master, you may want to divide up the responsibility for replicating different databases to different slaves. See Section 17.3.6, “Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves”.
If your master makes use of transactions and you are not concerned about transaction support on your slaves, use MyISAM or another nontransactional engine on the slaves. See Section 17.3.4, “Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines”.
If your slaves are not acting as masters, and you have a potential solution in place to ensure that you can bring up a master in the event of failure, then you may switch off --log-slave-updates on the slaves. This prevents “dumb” slaves from also logging events they have executed into their own binary log.

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