15.6.3.2 File-Per-Table Tablespaces

You can reclaim disk space when truncating or dropping a table stored in a file-per-table tablepace. Truncating or dropping tables stored in the shared system tablespace creates free space internally in the system tablespace data files (ibdata files) which can only be used for new InnoDB data.

Similarly, a table-copying ALTER TABLE operation on table that resides in a shared tablespace can increase the amount of space used by the tablespace. Such operations may require as much additional space as the data in the table plus indexes. The additional space required for the table-copying ALTER TABLE operation is not released back to the operating system as it is for file-per-table tablespaces.

The TRUNCATE TABLE operation is faster when run on tables stored in file-per-table tablepaces.

You can store specific tables on separate storage devices, for I/O optimization, space management, or backup purposes by specifying the location of each table using the syntax CREATE TABLE ... DATA DIRECTORY = absolute_path_to_directory, as explained in Section 15.6.3.6, “Creating a Tablespace Outside of the Data Directory”.

You can run OPTIMIZE TABLE to compact or recreate a file-per-table tablespace. When you run an OPTIMIZE TABLE, InnoDB creates a new .ibd file with a temporary name, using only the space required to store actual data. When the optimization is complete, InnoDB removes the old .ibd file and replaces it with the new one. If the previous .ibd file grew significantly but the actual data only accounted for a portion of its size, running OPTIMIZE TABLE can reclaim the unused space.

You can move individual InnoDB tables rather than entire databases.

You can copy individual InnoDB tables from one MySQL instance to another (known as the transportable tablespace feature).

Tables created in file-per-table tablespaces support features associated with compressed and dynamic row formats.

You can enable more efficient storage for tables with large BLOB or TEXT columns using the dynamic row format.

File-per-table tablespaces may improve chances for a successful recovery and save time when a corruption occurs, when a server cannot be restarted, or when backup and binary logs are unavailable.

You can back up or restore individual tables quickly using the MySQL Enterprise Backup product, without interrupting the use of other InnoDB tables. This is beneficial if you have tables that require backup less frequently or on a different backup schedule. See Making a Partial Backup for details.

File-per-table tablespaces are convenient for per-table status reporting when copying or backing up tables.

You can monitor table size at a file system level without accessing MySQL.

Common Linux file systems do not permit concurrent writes to a single file when innodb_flush_method is set to O_DIRECT. As a result, there are possible performance improvements when using file-per-table tablespaces in conjunction with innodb_flush_method.

The system tablespace stores the data dictionary and undo logs, and is limited in size by InnoDB tablespace size limits. See Section 15.6.1.6, “Limits on InnoDB Tables”. With file-per-table tablespaces, each table has its own tablespace, which provides room for growth.

With file-per-table tablespaces, each table may have unused space, which can only be utilized by rows of the same table. This could lead to wasted space if not properly managed.

fsync operations must run on each open table rather than on a single file. Because there is a separate fsync operation for each file, write operations on multiple tables cannot be combined into a single I/O operation. This may require InnoDB to perform a higher total number of fsync operations.

mysqld must keep one open file handle per table, which may impact performance if you have numerous tables in file-per-table tablespaces.

More file descriptors are used.

innodb_file_per_table is enabled by default. You may consider disabling it if backward compatibility with MySQL 5.5 or earlier is a concern. Disabling innodb_file_per_table prevents ALTER TABLE from moving an InnoDB table from the system tablespace to an individual .ibd file in cases where ALTER TABLE recreates the table (ALGORITHM=COPY).

For example, when restructuring the clustered index for an InnoDB table, the table is re-created using the current setting for innodb_file_per_table. This behavior does not apply when adding or dropping InnoDB secondary indexes. When a secondary index is created without rebuilding the table, the index is stored in the same file as the table data, regardless of the current innodb_file_per_table setting. This behavior also does not apply to tables added to the system tablespace using CREATE TABLE ... TABLESPACE or ALTER TABLE ... TABLESPACE syntax. These tables are not affected by the innodb_file_per_table setting.

If many tables are growing there is potential for more fragmentation which can impede DROP TABLE and table scan performance. However, when fragmentation is managed, having files in their own tablespace can improve performance.

The buffer pool is scanned when dropping a file-per-table tablespace, which can take several seconds for buffer pools that are tens of gigabytes in size. The scan is performed with a broad internal lock, which may delay other operations. Tables in the system tablespace are not affected.

The innodb_autoextend_increment variable, which defines increment size (in MB) for extending the size of an auto-extending shared tablespace file when it becomes full, does not apply to file-per-table tablespace files, which are auto-extending regardless of the innodb_autoextend_increment setting. The initial extensions are by small amounts, after which extensions occur in increments of 4MB.