1.8.1 MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

By default, strings can be enclosed by " as well as '. If the ANSI_QUOTES SQL mode is enabled, strings can be enclosed only by ' and the server interprets strings enclosed by " as identifiers.

\ is the escape character in strings.

In SQL statements, you can access tables from different databases with the db_name.tbl_name syntax. Some SQL servers provide the same functionality but call this User space. MySQL Server doesn't support tablespaces such as used in statements like this: CREATE TABLE ralph.my_table ... IN my_tablespace.

The ANALYZE TABLE, CHECK TABLE, OPTIMIZE TABLE, and REPAIR TABLE statements.

The CREATE DATABASE, DROP DATABASE, and ALTER DATABASE statements. See Section 13.1.12, “CREATE DATABASE Syntax”, Section 13.1.24, “DROP DATABASE Syntax”, and Section 13.1.2, “ALTER DATABASE Syntax”.

The DO statement.

EXPLAIN SELECT to obtain a description of how tables are processed by the query optimizer.

The FLUSH and RESET statements.

The SET statement. See Section 13.7.5.1, “SET Syntax for Variable Assignment”.

The SHOW statement. See Section 13.7.6, “SHOW Syntax”. The information produced by many of the MySQL-specific SHOW statements can be obtained in more standard fashion by using SELECT to query INFORMATION_SCHEMA. See Chapter 25, INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables.

Use of LOAD DATA INFILE. In many cases, this syntax is compatible with Oracle's LOAD DATA INFILE. See Section 13.2.7, “LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax”.

Use of RENAME TABLE. See Section 13.1.36, “RENAME TABLE Syntax”.

Use of REPLACE instead of DELETE plus INSERT. See Section 13.2.9, “REPLACE Syntax”.

Use of CHANGE col_name, DROP col_name, or DROP INDEX, IGNORE or RENAME in ALTER TABLE statements. Use of multiple ADD, ALTER, DROP, or CHANGE clauses in an ALTER TABLE statement. See Section 13.1.9, “ALTER TABLE Syntax”.

Use of index names, indexes on a prefix of a column, and use of INDEX or KEY in CREATE TABLE statements. See Section 13.1.20, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”.

Use of TEMPORARY or IF NOT EXISTS with CREATE TABLE.

Use of IF EXISTS with DROP TABLE and DROP DATABASE.

The capability of dropping multiple tables with a single DROP TABLE statement.

The ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses of the UPDATE and DELETE statements.

INSERT INTO tbl_name SET col_name = ... syntax.

The DELAYED clause of the INSERT and REPLACE statements.

The LOW_PRIORITY clause of the INSERT, REPLACE, DELETE, and UPDATE statements.

Use of INTO OUTFILE or INTO DUMPFILE in SELECT statements. See Section 13.2.10, “SELECT Syntax”.

Options such as STRAIGHT_JOIN or SQL_SMALL_RESULT in SELECT statements.

You don't need to name all selected columns in the GROUP BY clause. This gives better performance for some very specific, but quite normal queries. See Section 12.19, “Aggregate (GROUP BY) Functions”.

You can specify ASC and DESC with GROUP BY, not just with ORDER BY.

The ability to set variables in a statement with the := assignment operator. See Section 9.4, “User-Defined Variables”.

The MEDIUMINT, SET, and ENUM data types, and the various BLOB and TEXT data types.

The AUTO_INCREMENT, BINARY, NULL, UNSIGNED, and ZEROFILL data type attributes.

To make it easier for users who migrate from other SQL environments, MySQL Server supports aliases for many functions. For example, all string functions support both standard SQL syntax and ODBC syntax.

MySQL Server understands the || and && operators to mean logical OR and AND, as in the C programming language. In MySQL Server, || and OR are synonyms, as are && and AND. Because of this nice syntax, MySQL Server doesn't support the standard SQL || operator for string concatenation; use CONCAT() instead. Because CONCAT() takes any number of arguments, it is easy to convert use of the || operator to MySQL Server.

Use of COUNT(DISTINCT value_list) where value_list has more than one element.

String comparisons are case insensitive by default, with sort ordering determined by the collation of the current character set, which is utf8mb4 by default. To perform case-sensitive comparisons instead, you should declare your columns with the BINARY attribute or use the BINARY cast, which causes comparisons to be done using the underlying character code values rather than a lexical ordering.

The % operator is a synonym for MOD(). That is, N % M is equivalent to MOD(N,M). % is supported for C programmers and for compatibility with PostgreSQL.

The =, <>, <=, <, >=, >, <<, >>, <=>, AND, OR, or LIKE operators may be used in expressions in the output column list (to the left of the FROM) in SELECT statements. For example:

The LAST_INSERT_ID() function returns the most recent AUTO_INCREMENT value. See Section 12.14, “Information Functions”.

LIKE is permitted on numeric values.

The REGEXP and NOT REGEXP extended regular expression operators.

CONCAT() or CHAR() with one argument or more than two arguments. (In MySQL Server, these functions can take a variable number of arguments.)

The BIT_COUNT(), CASE, ELT(), FROM_DAYS(), FORMAT(), IF(), MD5(), PERIOD_ADD(), PERIOD_DIFF(), TO_DAYS(), and WEEKDAY() functions.

Use of TRIM() to trim substrings. Standard SQL supports removal of single characters only.

The GROUP BY functions STD(), BIT_OR(), BIT_AND(), BIT_XOR(), and GROUP_CONCAT(). See Section 12.19, “Aggregate (GROUP BY) Functions”.