17.3.12 Delayed Replication

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MySQL supports delayed replication such that a slave server deliberately executes transactions later than the master by at least a specified amount of time. This section describes how to configure a replication delay on a slave, and how to monitor replication delay.

In MySQL 8.0, the method of delaying replication depends on two timestamps, immediate_commit_timestamp and original_commit_timestamp (see Replication Delay Timestamps). If all servers in the replication topology are running MySQL 8.0.1 or above, delayed replication is measured using these timestamps. If either the immediate master or slave is not using these timestamps, the implementation of delayed replication from MySQL 5.7 is used (see Delayed Replication). This section describes delayed replication between servers which are all using these timestamps.

The default replication delay is 0 seconds. Use the CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_DELAY=N statement to set the delay to N seconds. A transaction received from the master is not executed until at least N seconds later than its commit on the immediate master. The delay happens per transaction (not event as in previous MySQL versions) and the actual delay is imposed only on gtid_log_event or anonymous_gtid_log_event. The other events in the transaction always follow these events without any waiting time imposed on them.

Note

START SLAVE and STOP SLAVE take effect immediately and ignore any delay. RESET SLAVE resets the delay to 0.

The replication_applier_configuration Performance Schema table contains the DESIRED_DELAY column which shows the delay configured using the MASTER_DELAY option. The replication_applier_status Performance Schema table contains the REMAINING_DELAY column which shows the number of delay seconds remaining.

Delayed replication can be used for several purposes:

To protect against user mistakes on the master. With a delay you can roll back a delayed slave to the time just before the mistake.
To test how the system behaves when there is a lag. For example, in an application, a lag might be caused by a heavy load on the slave. However, it can be difficult to generate this load level. Delayed replication can simulate the lag without having to simulate the load. It can also be used to debug conditions related to a lagging slave.
To inspect what the database looked like in the past, without having to reload a backup. For example, by configuring a slave with a delay of one week, if you then need to see what the database looked like before the last few days' worth of development, the delayed slave can be inspected.

Replication Delay Timestamps

MySQL 8.0 provides a new method for measuring delay (also referred to as replication lag) in replication topologies that depends on the following timestamps associated with the GTID of each transaction (instead of each event) written to the binary log.

original_commit_timestamp: the number of microseconds since epoch when the transaction was written (committed) to the binary log of the original master.
immediate_commit_timestamp: the number of microseconds since epoch when the transaction was written (committed) to the binary log of the immediate master.

The output of mysqlbinlog displays these timestamps in two formats, microseconds from epoch and also TIMESTAMP format, which is based on the user defined time zone for better readability. For example:

#170404 10:48:05 server id 1  end_log_pos 233 CRC32 0x016ce647     GTID    last_committed=0   
\ sequence_number=1    original_committed_timestamp=1491299285661130    immediate_commit_timestamp=1491299285843771
# original_commit_timestamp=1491299285661130 (2017-04-04 10:48:05.661130 WEST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1491299285843771 (2017-04-04 10:48:05.843771 WEST)
 /*!80001 SET @@SESSION.original_commit_timestamp=1491299285661130*//*!*/;
   SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaaaaaaaaaa:1'/*!*/;
# at 233

As a rule, the original_commit_timestamp is always the same on all replicas where the transaction is applied. In master-slave replication, the original_commit_timestamp of a transaction in the (original) master’s binary log is always the same as its immediate_commit_timestamp. In the slave’s relay log, the original_commit_timestamp and immediate_commit_timestamp of the transaction are the same as in the master’s binary log; whereas in its own binary log, the transaction’s immediate_commit_timestamp corresponds to when the slave committed the transaction.

In a Group Replication setup, when the original master is a member of a group, the original_commit_timestamp is generated when the transaction is ready to be committed. In other words, when it finished executing on the original master and its write set is ready to be sent to all members of the group for certification. Therefore, the same original_commit_timestamp is replicated to all servers (regardless of whether it is a group member or slave replicating from a member) applying the transaction and each stores in its binary log the local commit time using immediate_commit_timestamp.

View change events, which are exclusive to Group Replication, are a special case. Transactions containing these events are generated by each server but share the same GTID (so, they are not first executed in a master and then replicated to the group, but all members of the group execute and apply the same transaction). Since there is no original master, these transactions have their original_commit_timestamp set to zero.

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Monitoring Replication Delay

One of the most common ways to monitor replication delay (lag) in previous MySQL versions was by relying on the Seconds_Behind_Master field in the output of SHOW SLAVE STATUS. However, this metric is not suitable when using replication topologies more complex than the traditional master-slave setup, such as Group Replication. The addition of immediate_commit_timestamp and original_commit_timestamp to MySQL 8 provides a much finer degree of information about replication delay. The recommended method to monitor replication delay in a topology that supports these timestamps is using the following Performance Schema tables.

replication_connection_status: current status of the connection to the master, provides information on the last and current transaction the connection thread queued into the relay log.
replication_applier_status_by_coordinator: current status of the coordinator thread that only displays information when using a multithreaded slave, provides information on the last transaction buffered by the coordinator thread to a worker’s queue, as well as the transaction it is currently buffering.
replication_applier_status_by_worker: current status of the thread(s) applying transactions received from the master, provides information about the transactions applied by the applier thread, or by each worker when using a multithreaded slave.

Using these tables you can monitor information about the last transaction the corresponding thread processed and the transaction that thread is currently processing. This information comprises:

a transaction’s GTID
a transaction's original_commit_timestamp and immediate_commit_timestamp, retrieved from the slave’s relay log
the time a thread started processing a transaction
for the last processed transaction, the time the thread finished processing it

In addition to the Performance Schema tables, the output of SHOW SLAVE STATUS has three fields that show:

SQL_Delay: A nonnegative integer indicating the replication delay configured using CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_DELAY=N, measured in seconds.
SQL_Remaining_Delay: When Slave_SQL_Running_State is Waiting until MASTER_DELAY seconds after master executed event, this field contains an integer indicating the number of seconds left of the delay. At other times, this field is NULL.
Slave_SQL_Running_State: A string indicating the state of the SQL thread (analogous to Slave_IO_State). The value is identical to the State value of the SQL thread as displayed by SHOW PROCESSLIST.

When the slave SQL thread is waiting for the delay to elapse before executing an event, SHOW PROCESSLIST displays its State value as Waiting until MASTER_DELAY seconds after master executed event.

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Document created the 26/06/2006, last modified the 26/10/2018
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References

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