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15.6.1.2 Creating Tables Externally

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There are different reasons for creating InnoDB tables externally; that is, creating tables outside of the data directory. Those reasons might include space management, I/O optimization, or placing tables on a storage device with particular performance or capacity characteristics, for example.

InnoDB supports the following methods for creating tables externally:

Using the DATA DIRECTORY Clause

You can create an InnoDB table in an external directory by specifying a DATA DIRECTORY clause in the CREATE TABLE statement.

  1. CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY) DATA DIRECTORY = '/external/directory';

The DATA DIRECTORY clause is supported for tables created in file-per-table tablespaces. Tables are implicitly created in file-per-table tablespaces when the innodb_file_per_table variable is enabled, which it is by default.

  1. mysql> SELECT @@innodb_file_per_table;
  2. +-------------------------+
  3. | @@innodb_file_per_table |
  4. +-------------------------+
  5. |                       1 |
  6. +-------------------------+

For more information about file-per-table tablespaces, see Section 15.6.3.2, “File-Per-Table Tablespaces”.

When you specify a DATA DIRECTORY clause in a CREATE TABLE statement, the table's data file (table_name.ibd) is created in a schema directory under the specified directory.

The following example demonstrates creating a table in an external directory using the DATA DIRECTORY clause. It is assumed that the innodb_file_per_table variable is enabled.

  1. mysql> USE test;
  2. Database changed
  3.  
  4. mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY) DATA DIRECTORY = '/external/directory';
  5.  
  6. # MySQL creates the table's data file in a schema directory
  7. # under the external directory
  8.  
  9. shell> cd /external/directory/test
  10. shell> ls
  11. t1.ibd

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Usage Notes:

  • When creating a table in an external directory, ensure that the directory is known to InnoDB. Otherwise, if the server halts unexpectedly before data file pages are fully flushed, startup fails when the data file is not found during the pre-recovery discovery phase that searches known directories for data files (see Tablespace Discovery During Crash Recovery). To make a directory known, add it to the innodb_directories argument value. innodb_directories is a read-only startup option that defines directories to scan at startup for data files. Configuring it requires restarting the server.

  • MySQL initially holds the tablespace data file open, preventing you from dismounting the device, but might eventually close the file if the server is busy. Be careful not to accidentally dismount an external device while MySQL is running, or start MySQL while the device is disconnected. Attempting to access a table when the associated data file is missing causes a serious error that requires a server restart.

    A server restart might fail if the data file is not found at the expected path. In this case, you can restore the tablespace data file from a backup or drop the table to remove the information about it from the data dictionary.

  • Before placing a table on an NFS-mounted volume, review potential issues outlined in Using NFS with MySQL.

  • If using an LVM snapshot, file copy, or other file-based mechanism to back up the table's data file, always use the FLUSH TABLES ... FOR EXPORT statement first to ensure that all changes buffered in memory are flushed to disk before the backup occurs.

  • Using the DATA DIRECTORY clause to create a table in an external directory is an alternative to using symbolic links, which InnoDB does not support.

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Using CREATE TABLE ... TABLESPACE Syntax

CREATE TABLE ... TABLESPACE syntax can be used in combination with the DATA DIRECTORY clause to create a table in an external directory. To do so, specify innodb_file_per_table as the tablespace name.

  1. mysql> CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY) TABLESPACE = innodb_file_per_table
  2.        DATA DIRECTORY = '/external/directory';

This method is supported only for tables created in file-per-table tablespaces, but does not require the innodb_file_per_table variable to be enabled. In all other respects, this method is equivalent to the CREATE TABLE ... DATA DIRECTORY method described above. The same usage notes apply.

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Creating a Table in an External General Tablespace

You can create a table in a general tablespace that resides in an external directory.


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Document created the 26/06/2006, last modified the 26/10/2018
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