- java.lang.Object
-
- java.lang.Number
-
- java.lang.Integer
-
- All Implemented Interfaces:
- Serializable, Comparable<Integer>
public final class Integer extends Number implements Comparable<Integer>
TheInteger
class wraps a value of the primitive typeint
in an object. An object of typeInteger
contains a single field whose type isint
.In addition, this class provides several methods for converting an
int
to aString
and aString
to anint
, as well as other constants and methods useful when dealing with anint
.Implementation note: The implementations of the "bit twiddling" methods (such as
highestOneBit
andnumberOfTrailingZeros
) are based on material from Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s Hacker's Delight, (Addison Wesley, 2002).- Since:
- JDK1.0
- See Also:
- Serialized Form
-
-
Field Summary
Fields Modifier and Type Field and Description static int
MAX_VALUE
A constant holding the maximum value anint
can have, 231-1.static int
MIN_VALUE
A constant holding the minimum value anint
can have, -231.static int
SIZE
The number of bits used to represent anint
value in two's complement binary form.static Class<Integer>
TYPE
TheClass
instance representing the primitive typeint
.
-
Constructor Summary
Constructors Constructor and Description Integer(int value)
Constructs a newly allocatedInteger
object that represents the specifiedint
value.Integer(String s)
Constructs a newly allocatedInteger
object that represents theint
value indicated by theString
parameter.
-
Method Summary
Methods Modifier and Type Method and Description static int
bitCount(int i)
Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value.byte
byteValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as abyte
.static int
compare(int x, int y)
Compares twoint
values numerically.int
compareTo(Integer anotherInteger)
Compares twoInteger
objects numerically.static Integer
decode(String nm)
Decodes aString
into anInteger
.double
doubleValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as adouble
.boolean
equals(Object obj)
Compares this object to the specified object.float
floatValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as afloat
.static Integer
getInteger(String nm)
Determines the integer value of the system property with the specified name.static Integer
getInteger(String nm, int val)
Determines the integer value of the system property with the specified name.static Integer
getInteger(String nm, Integer val)
Returns the integer value of the system property with the specified name.int
hashCode()
Returns a hash code for thisInteger
.static int
highestOneBit(int i)
Returns anint
value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specifiedint
value.int
intValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as anint
.long
longValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as along
.static int
lowestOneBit(int i)
Returns anint
value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specifiedint
value.static int
numberOfLeadingZeros(int i)
Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value.static int
numberOfTrailingZeros(int i)
Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value.static int
parseInt(String s)
Parses the string argument as a signed decimal integer.static int
parseInt(String s, int radix)
Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix specified by the second argument.static int
reverse(int i)
Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value.static int
reverseBytes(int i)
Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the two's complement representation of the specifiedint
value.static int
rotateLeft(int i, int distance)
Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value left by the specified number of bits.static int
rotateRight(int i, int distance)
Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value right by the specified number of bits.short
shortValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as ashort
.static int
signum(int i)
Returns the signum function of the specifiedint
value.static String
toBinaryString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 2.static String
toHexString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 16.static String
toOctalString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 8.String
toString()
Returns aString
object representing thisInteger
's value.static String
toString(int i)
Returns aString
object representing the specified integer.static String
toString(int i, int radix)
Returns a string representation of the first argument in the radix specified by the second argument.static Integer
valueOf(int i)
Returns anInteger
instance representing the specifiedint
value.static Integer
valueOf(String s)
Returns anInteger
object holding the value of the specifiedString
.static Integer
valueOf(String s, int radix)
Returns anInteger
object holding the value extracted from the specifiedString
when parsed with the radix given by the second argument.
-
-
-
Field Detail
-
MIN_VALUE
public static final int MIN_VALUE
A constant holding the minimum value anint
can have, -231.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
MAX_VALUE
public static final int MAX_VALUE
A constant holding the maximum value anint
can have, 231-1.- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
TYPE
public static final Class<Integer> TYPE
TheClass
instance representing the primitive typeint
.- Since:
- JDK1.1
-
SIZE
public static final int SIZE
The number of bits used to represent anint
value in two's complement binary form.- Since:
- 1.5
- See Also:
- Constant Field Values
-
-
Constructor Detail
-
Integer
public Integer(int value)
Constructs a newly allocatedInteger
object that represents the specifiedint
value.- Parameters:
value
- the value to be represented by theInteger
object.
-
Integer
public Integer(String s) throws NumberFormatException
Constructs a newly allocatedInteger
object that represents theint
value indicated by theString
parameter. The string is converted to anint
value in exactly the manner used by theparseInt
method for radix 10.- Parameters:
s
- theString
to be converted to anInteger
.- Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if theString
does not contain a parsable integer.- See Also:
parseInt(java.lang.String, int)
-
-
Method Detail
-
toString
public static String toString(int i, int radix)
Returns a string representation of the first argument in the radix specified by the second argument.If the radix is smaller than
Character.MIN_RADIX
or larger thanCharacter.MAX_RADIX
, then the radix10
is used instead.If the first argument is negative, the first element of the result is the ASCII minus character
'-'
('\u002D'
). If the first argument is not negative, no sign character appears in the result.The remaining characters of the result represent the magnitude of the first argument. If the magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character
'0'
('\u0030'
); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the magnitude will not be the zero character. The following ASCII characters are used as digits:0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
'\u0030'
through'\u0039'
and'\u0061'
through'\u007A'
. Ifradix
is N, then the first N of these characters are used as radix-N digits in the order shown. Thus, the digits for hexadecimal (radix 16) are0123456789abcdef
. If uppercase letters are desired, theString.toUpperCase()
method may be called on the result:Integer.toString(n, 16).toUpperCase()
- Parameters:
i
- an integer to be converted to a string.radix
- the radix to use in the string representation.- Returns:
- a string representation of the argument in the specified radix.
- See Also:
Character.MAX_RADIX
,Character.MIN_RADIX
-
toHexString
public static String toHexString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 16.The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 232 if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in hexadecimal (base 16) with no extra leading
0
s. If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character'0'
('\u0030'
); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The following characters are used as hexadecimal digits:0123456789abcdef
'\u0030'
through'\u0039'
and'\u0061'
through'\u0066'
. If uppercase letters are desired, theString.toUpperCase()
method may be called on the result:Integer.toHexString(n).toUpperCase()
- Parameters:
i
- an integer to be converted to a string.- Returns:
- the string representation of the unsigned integer value represented by the argument in hexadecimal (base 16).
- Since:
- JDK1.0.2
-
toOctalString
public static String toOctalString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 8.The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 232 if the argument is negative; otherwise, it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in octal (base 8) with no extra leading
0
s.If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character
'0'
('\u0030'
); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The following characters are used as octal digits:01234567
'\u0030'
through'\u0037'
.- Parameters:
i
- an integer to be converted to a string.- Returns:
- the string representation of the unsigned integer value represented by the argument in octal (base 8).
- Since:
- JDK1.0.2
-
toBinaryString
public static String toBinaryString(int i)
Returns a string representation of the integer argument as an unsigned integer in base 2.The unsigned integer value is the argument plus 232 if the argument is negative; otherwise it is equal to the argument. This value is converted to a string of ASCII digits in binary (base 2) with no extra leading
0
s. If the unsigned magnitude is zero, it is represented by a single zero character'0'
('\u0030'
); otherwise, the first character of the representation of the unsigned magnitude will not be the zero character. The characters'0'
('\u0030'
) and'1'
('\u0031'
) are used as binary digits.- Parameters:
i
- an integer to be converted to a string.- Returns:
- the string representation of the unsigned integer value represented by the argument in binary (base 2).
- Since:
- JDK1.0.2
-
toString
public static String toString(int i)
Returns aString
object representing the specified integer. The argument is converted to signed decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the argument and radix 10 were given as arguments to thetoString(int, int)
method.- Parameters:
i
- an integer to be converted.- Returns:
- a string representation of the argument in base 10.
-
parseInt
public static int parseInt(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException
Parses the string argument as a signed integer in the radix specified by the second argument. The characters in the string must all be digits of the specified radix (as determined by whetherCharacter.digit(char, int)
returns a nonnegative value), except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign'-'
('\u002D'
) to indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign'+'
('\u002B'
) to indicate a positive value. The resulting integer value is returned.An exception of type
NumberFormatException
is thrown if any of the following situations occurs:- The first argument is
null
or is a string of length zero. - The radix is either smaller than
Character.MIN_RADIX
or larger thanCharacter.MAX_RADIX
. - Any character of the string is not a digit of the specified
radix, except that the first character may be a minus sign
'-'
('\u002D'
) or plus sign'+'
('\u002B'
) provided that the string is longer than length 1. - The value represented by the string is not a value of type
int
.
Examples:
parseInt("0", 10) returns 0 parseInt("473", 10) returns 473 parseInt("+42", 10) returns 42 parseInt("-0", 10) returns 0 parseInt("-FF", 16) returns -255 parseInt("1100110", 2) returns 102 parseInt("2147483647", 10) returns 2147483647 parseInt("-2147483648", 10) returns -2147483648 parseInt("2147483648", 10) throws a NumberFormatException parseInt("99", 8) throws a NumberFormatException parseInt("Kona", 10) throws a NumberFormatException parseInt("Kona", 27) returns 411787
- Parameters:
s
- theString
containing the integer representation to be parsedradix
- the radix to be used while parsings
.- Returns:
- the integer represented by the string argument in the specified radix.
- Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if theString
does not contain a parsableint
.
- The first argument is
-
parseInt
public static int parseInt(String s) throws NumberFormatException
Parses the string argument as a signed decimal integer. The characters in the string must all be decimal digits, except that the first character may be an ASCII minus sign'-'
('\u002D'
) to indicate a negative value or an ASCII plus sign'+'
('\u002B'
) to indicate a positive value. The resulting integer value is returned, exactly as if the argument and the radix 10 were given as arguments to theparseInt(java.lang.String, int)
method.- Parameters:
s
- aString
containing theint
representation to be parsed- Returns:
- the integer value represented by the argument in decimal.
- Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if the string does not contain a parsable integer.
-
valueOf
public static Integer valueOf(String s, int radix) throws NumberFormatException
Returns anInteger
object holding the value extracted from the specifiedString
when parsed with the radix given by the second argument. The first argument is interpreted as representing a signed integer in the radix specified by the second argument, exactly as if the arguments were given to theparseInt(java.lang.String, int)
method. The result is anInteger
object that represents the integer value specified by the string.In other words, this method returns an
Integer
object equal to the value of:new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s, radix))
- Parameters:
s
- the string to be parsed.radix
- the radix to be used in interpretings
- Returns:
- an
Integer
object holding the value represented by the string argument in the specified radix. - Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if theString
does not contain a parsableint
.
-
valueOf
public static Integer valueOf(String s) throws NumberFormatException
Returns anInteger
object holding the value of the specifiedString
. The argument is interpreted as representing a signed decimal integer, exactly as if the argument were given to theparseInt(java.lang.String)
method. The result is anInteger
object that represents the integer value specified by the string.In other words, this method returns an
Integer
object equal to the value of:new Integer(Integer.parseInt(s))
- Parameters:
s
- the string to be parsed.- Returns:
- an
Integer
object holding the value represented by the string argument. - Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if the string cannot be parsed as an integer.
-
valueOf
public static Integer valueOf(int i)
Returns anInteger
instance representing the specifiedint
value. If a newInteger
instance is not required, this method should generally be used in preference to the constructorInteger(int)
, as this method is likely to yield significantly better space and time performance by caching frequently requested values. This method will always cache values in the range -128 to 127, inclusive, and may cache other values outside of this range.- Parameters:
i
- anint
value.- Returns:
- an
Integer
instance representingi
. - Since:
- 1.5
-
byteValue
public byte byteValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as abyte
.
-
shortValue
public short shortValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as ashort
.- Overrides:
shortValue
in classNumber
- Returns:
- the numeric value represented by this object after conversion
to type
short
.
-
intValue
public int intValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as anint
.
-
longValue
public long longValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as along
.
-
floatValue
public float floatValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as afloat
.- Specified by:
floatValue
in classNumber
- Returns:
- the numeric value represented by this object after conversion
to type
float
.
-
doubleValue
public double doubleValue()
Returns the value of thisInteger
as adouble
.- Specified by:
doubleValue
in classNumber
- Returns:
- the numeric value represented by this object after conversion
to type
double
.
-
toString
public String toString()
Returns aString
object representing thisInteger
's value. The value is converted to signed decimal representation and returned as a string, exactly as if the integer value were given as an argument to thetoString(int)
method.
-
hashCode
public int hashCode()
Returns a hash code for thisInteger
.- Overrides:
hashCode
in classObject
- Returns:
- a hash code value for this object, equal to the
primitive
int
value represented by thisInteger
object. - See Also:
Object.equals(java.lang.Object)
,System.identityHashCode(java.lang.Object)
-
equals
public boolean equals(Object obj)
Compares this object to the specified object. The result istrue
if and only if the argument is notnull
and is anInteger
object that contains the sameint
value as this object.- Overrides:
equals
in classObject
- Parameters:
obj
- the object to compare with.- Returns:
true
if the objects are the same;false
otherwise.- See Also:
Object.hashCode()
,HashMap
-
getInteger
public static Integer getInteger(String nm)
Determines the integer value of the system property with the specified name.The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through the
System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer value and anInteger
object representing this value is returned. Details of possible numeric formats can be found with the definition ofgetProperty
.If there is no property with the specified name, if the specified name is empty or
null
, or if the property does not have the correct numeric format, thennull
is returned.In other words, this method returns an
Integer
object equal to the value of:getInteger(nm, null)
- Parameters:
nm
- property name.- Returns:
- the
Integer
value of the property. - See Also:
System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
,System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
-
getInteger
public static Integer getInteger(String nm, int val)
Determines the integer value of the system property with the specified name.The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through the
System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer value and anInteger
object representing this value is returned. Details of possible numeric formats can be found with the definition ofgetProperty
.The second argument is the default value. An
Integer
object that represents the value of the second argument is returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty ornull
.In other words, this method returns an
Integer
object equal to the value of:getInteger(nm, new Integer(val))
to avoid the unnecessary allocation of anInteger result = getInteger(nm, null); return (result == null) ? new Integer(val) : result;
Integer
object when the default value is not needed.- Parameters:
nm
- property name.val
- default value.- Returns:
- the
Integer
value of the property. - See Also:
System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
,System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
-
getInteger
public static Integer getInteger(String nm, Integer val)
Returns the integer value of the system property with the specified name. The first argument is treated as the name of a system property. System properties are accessible through theSystem.getProperty(java.lang.String)
method. The string value of this property is then interpreted as an integer value, as per theInteger.decode
method, and anInteger
object representing this value is returned.- If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters
0x
or the ASCII character#
, not followed by a minus sign, then the rest of it is parsed as a hexadecimal integer exactly as by the methodvalueOf(java.lang.String, int)
with radix 16. - If the property value begins with the ASCII character
0
followed by another character, it is parsed as an octal integer exactly as by the methodvalueOf(java.lang.String, int)
with radix 8. - Otherwise, the property value is parsed as a decimal integer
exactly as by the method
valueOf(java.lang.String, int)
with radix 10.
The second argument is the default value. The default value is returned if there is no property of the specified name, if the property does not have the correct numeric format, or if the specified name is empty or
null
.- Parameters:
nm
- property name.val
- default value.- Returns:
- the
Integer
value of the property. - See Also:
System.getProperty(java.lang.String)
,System.getProperty(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
,decode(java.lang.String)
- If the property value begins with the two ASCII characters
-
decode
public static Integer decode(String nm) throws NumberFormatException
Decodes aString
into anInteger
. Accepts decimal, hexadecimal, and octal numbers given by the following grammar:- DecodableString:
- Signopt DecimalNumeral
- Signopt
0x
HexDigits- Signopt
0X
HexDigits- Signopt
#
HexDigits- Signopt
0
OctalDigits - Signopt
- Sign:
-
+
The sequence of characters following an optional sign and/or radix specifier ("
0x
", "0X
", "#
", or leading zero) is parsed as by theInteger.parseInt
method with the indicated radix (10, 16, or 8). This sequence of characters must represent a positive value or aNumberFormatException
will be thrown. The result is negated if first character of the specifiedString
is the minus sign. No whitespace characters are permitted in theString
.- Parameters:
nm
- theString
to decode.- Returns:
- an
Integer
object holding theint
value represented bynm
- Throws:
NumberFormatException
- if theString
does not contain a parsable integer.- See Also:
parseInt(java.lang.String, int)
-
compareTo
public int compareTo(Integer anotherInteger)
Compares twoInteger
objects numerically.- Specified by:
compareTo
in interfaceComparable<Integer>
- Parameters:
anotherInteger
- theInteger
to be compared.- Returns:
- the value
0
if thisInteger
is equal to the argumentInteger
; a value less than0
if thisInteger
is numerically less than the argumentInteger
; and a value greater than0
if thisInteger
is numerically greater than the argumentInteger
(signed comparison). - Since:
- 1.2
-
compare
public static int compare(int x, int y)
Compares twoint
values numerically. The value returned is identical to what would be returned by:Integer.valueOf(x).compareTo(Integer.valueOf(y))
- Parameters:
x
- the firstint
to comparey
- the secondint
to compare- Returns:
- the value
0
ifx == y
; a value less than0
ifx < y
; and a value greater than0
ifx > y
- Since:
- 1.7
-
highestOneBit
public static int highestOneBit(int i)
Returns anint
value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the specifiedint
value. Returns zero if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it is equal to zero.- Returns:
- an
int
value with a single one-bit, in the position of the highest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if the specified value is itself equal to zero. - Since:
- 1.5
-
lowestOneBit
public static int lowestOneBit(int i)
Returns anint
value with at most a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the specifiedint
value. Returns zero if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement binary representation, that is, if it is equal to zero.- Returns:
- an
int
value with a single one-bit, in the position of the lowest-order one-bit in the specified value, or zero if the specified value is itself equal to zero. - Since:
- 1.5
-
numberOfLeadingZeros
public static int numberOfLeadingZeros(int i)
Returns the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order ("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value. Returns 32 if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is equal to zero.Note that this method is closely related to the logarithm base 2. For all positive
int
values x:- floor(log2(x)) =
31 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x)
- ceil(log2(x)) =
32 - numberOfLeadingZeros(x - 1)
- Returns:
- the number of zero bits preceding the highest-order
("leftmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation
of the specified
int
value, or 32 if the value is equal to zero. - Since:
- 1.5
- floor(log2(x)) =
-
numberOfTrailingZeros
public static int numberOfTrailingZeros(int i)
Returns the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost") one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value. Returns 32 if the specified value has no one-bits in its two's complement representation, in other words if it is equal to zero.- Returns:
- the number of zero bits following the lowest-order ("rightmost")
one-bit in the two's complement binary representation of the
specified
int
value, or 32 if the value is equal to zero. - Since:
- 1.5
-
bitCount
public static int bitCount(int i)
Returns the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value. This function is sometimes referred to as the population count.- Returns:
- the number of one-bits in the two's complement binary
representation of the specified
int
value. - Since:
- 1.5
-
rotateLeft
public static int rotateLeft(int i, int distance)
Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value left by the specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the left hand, or high-order, side reenter on the right, or low-order.)Note that left rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to right rotation:
rotateLeft(val, -distance) == rotateRight(val, distance)
. Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be ignored, even if the distance is negative:rotateLeft(val, distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance & 0x1F)
.- Returns:
- the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
representation of the specified
int
value left by the specified number of bits. - Since:
- 1.5
-
rotateRight
public static int rotateRight(int i, int distance)
Returns the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value right by the specified number of bits. (Bits shifted out of the right hand, or low-order, side reenter on the left, or high-order.)Note that right rotation with a negative distance is equivalent to left rotation:
rotateRight(val, -distance) == rotateLeft(val, distance)
. Note also that rotation by any multiple of 32 is a no-op, so all but the last five bits of the rotation distance can be ignored, even if the distance is negative:rotateRight(val, distance) == rotateRight(val, distance & 0x1F)
.- Returns:
- the value obtained by rotating the two's complement binary
representation of the specified
int
value right by the specified number of bits. - Since:
- 1.5
-
reverse
public static int reverse(int i)
Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bits in the two's complement binary representation of the specifiedint
value.- Returns:
- the value obtained by reversing order of the bits in the
specified
int
value. - Since:
- 1.5
-
signum
public static int signum(int i)
Returns the signum function of the specifiedint
value. (The return value is -1 if the specified value is negative; 0 if the specified value is zero; and 1 if the specified value is positive.)- Returns:
- the signum function of the specified
int
value. - Since:
- 1.5
-
reverseBytes
public static int reverseBytes(int i)
Returns the value obtained by reversing the order of the bytes in the two's complement representation of the specifiedint
value.- Returns:
- the value obtained by reversing the bytes in the specified
int
value. - Since:
- 1.5
-
-
Document created the 11/06/2005, last modified the 04/03/2020
Source of the printed document:https://www.gaudry.be/en/java-api-rf-java/lang/Integer.html
The infobrol is a personal site whose content is my sole responsibility. The text is available under CreativeCommons license (BY-NC-SA). More info on the terms of use and the author.
References
These references and links indicate documents consulted during the writing of this page, or which may provide additional information, but the authors of these sources can not be held responsible for the content of this page.
The author This site is solely responsible for the way in which the various concepts, and the freedoms that are taken with the reference works, are presented here. Remember that you must cross multiple source information to reduce the risk of errors.